Mike Ruggeri’s Pre-Clovis and Clovis Archaeological News






Mike Ruggeri's Pre-Clovis and Clovis World
http://tinyurl.com/2m8725

Breaking Pre-Clovis and Clovis Archaeology News

 
November 5, 2009 Oldest Tool in the Americas Uncovered In a very important report in Nature Magazine, Dennis Jenkins, the archaeologist who found the pre-Clovis human coprolites dated to 14,000-14,270 years old in Paisley Cave in Oregon, now claims to have found the oldest human artifact ever found in the Americas--a scraper like tool that dates back to 14,230 years ago. The date was calculated by way of sediment and radiocarbon dating. The tool was found in a rock shelter in the caves near Paisley, Oregon. There were some criticisms of the dating of the coprolites because no human artifacts were found with them. This discovery of a tool strengthens the veracity of the earlier claim. Nature has the story here; http://www.nature.com/news/2009/091105/full/news.2009.1058.html November 4, 2009 INAH Follow Up Report on Clovis in Sonora In a follow up story about the discovery of a Clovis site at El Fin del Mundo in Sonora, INAH has announced there is a 25,000 year old stratigraphic sequence at the site and the remains of a species that were part of the now extinct Gomphotheriidae family have been found there. INAH has been working at Sonora Paleo-indian sites for 10 years. Before this newest find, it was unknown that Clovis people hunted gomphotheres. It was thought they were extinct 30,000 years ago. 300 Clovis artifacts dating to 11,000 BCE have been found at the site including 12 slabs used to hunt and dismember animals and Clovis points of white quartz and white flint. INAH is working the site with the University of Arizona and will begin its next excavations in February. http://dti.inah.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=39&Itemid=150 October 21, 2009 Clovis Roamed South A Clovis era site has been found in Mexico. This site is the most extensive evidence so far of Clovis in Mexico. The artifacts were found in Sonora and include the bones of a cousin of the mastodons. The site is called El Fin del Mundo and is 70 miles from Hermosillo. The artifacts and bones date to 11,000 BCE.  Nature News has the story here; http://www.nature.com/news/2009/091021/full/news.2009.1034.html August 9, 2009 Early Humans in Patagonia? The bones of a stegomastodon, a prehistoric elephant that lived 13,000 years ago, were found in 2007 in Patagonia at a site called La Plata. Remains of other pre-historic species were then found at the site. The concentration of three distinct mammals dying at this one small sector suggests there could have been human habitation nearby. If this were true, we would have a very early human population for the Americas at this place. Funding for further research is now being raised. The Patagonia Times has the story here;http://www.patagoniatimes.cl/index.php/20090807871/News/Health-Science/CHILEAN-ELEPHANT-FOSSILS-HINT-AT-ANCIENT-HUMAN-SETTLEMENT.html July 15, 2009 Kennewick Man Update We have been waiting for 3 years to read the results of the studies on Kennewick Man. And still, no journal has been selected to publish the findings and the researchers who studied him are unsure how long it will take before they publish. His remains are still being kept at Burke Museum in Seattle in a climate controlled locker under strict security. Great pains have been taken not to handle the bones without protective gloves. Thousands of measurements were taken in the tests of 2004, 2005, 2006 including Radiocarbon and MRI tests. DNA tests were done on a small bit of bone. He was in his thirties when he died, had a spear wound which did not kill him, and he was buried by others and not nature. An interesting side note is that he may have been covered in red ochre pigment at burial, a custom that spans the ancient Americas. Since 2006, nothing more has been disclosed. Only one report has been made by two of the researchers on Kennewick Man stating he is related to Polynesian and South Asian peoples with some traits associated with the Ainu of northern Japan. The research ruled out any ties to European peoples. Here is that report; Report on the Osteological Assessment of the "Kennewick Man" Skeleton (CENWW.97.Kennewick); Joseph F. Powell and Jerome C. Rose http://www.nps.gov/archeology/kennewick/powell_rose.htm And here is the story on the lack of any urgency in publishing complete reports at SeattlePi.com; http://www.seattlepi.com/local/408062_Kennewickman13.html?source=rss July 11, 2009 Paisley Cave Pre-Clovis Questioned Archaeologist Dennis Jenkins and his team found coprolites at Paisley Cave in Oregon in 2008. He and his team said these were human coprolites and dated them to the time period of the human traces found at Monte Verde, Chile, around 14,300 years old. This would be the 2nd place where proven Pre-Clovis human material were found. A team of reseachers cross checking the data has concluded that the coprolites belong to herbivores and not to humans thus disproving the claim. Dennis Jenkins and his team have given a rebuttal and state the scientific reasons why they feel the coprolites are human. Both studies are published in "Science" here; http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/325/5937/148-c and the rebuttal; http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/325/5937/148-b Jenkins is now stating that only further sterile excavations at Paisley Cave will produce enough evidence to justify the Pre-Clovis claim. June 5, 2009 Oldest Work of Art in North America Found? An amateur fossil collector found a 15 inch pre-historic bone fragment near Vero Beach with a crude engraving of a mammoth or mastodon on it. All the tests so far show the artifact to be genuine and from 13,000 years ago. This would make the object the oldest work of art in North America. The collector had the bone for two years before noticing the incising. Archaeologists are now digging at the site where the object was found to see if there are more treasures to be found. The mammoth shown on the bone became extinct 13,000 years ago. The University of Florida have run tests and they appear to show the object is genuine. They are now comparing soil from the site of the find with the object. Steven Holen, curator of paleontology at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science said, “It is one of the most spectacular finds in American archaeology in recent history.” TCPalm.com has the story here with 2 photos; http://www.tcpalm.com/news/2009/jun/05/bone-appears-to-date-human-presence-in-treasure/ April 29, 2009 Native Americans Descended From One Common Founding Group An international team of scientists have compared DNA samples from dozens of modern day Native American and Eurasian groups. Without exception, the new evidence supports the single ancestral population theory. The study is published in the May issue of the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution. The team found a unique variant (an allele) of a genetic marker in the DNA of modern day Native Americans. This variant occurred in all of the 41 populations sampled from Alaska to Chile but was absent in all 54 Eurasian, African and Oceanic groups studied. Therefore, it appears that all modern Native Americans and Greenlanders descend from a common founding population. The allele is absent in other Asian populations which probably means the Native Americans developed this variant in isolation from Asia. The researchers took care to rule out all other possibilities including multiple mutations. This is the first large scale study to confirm this utilizing the DNA of both sexes. E-Science News has the story here; http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/04/29/native.americans.descended.a.single.ancestral.group.dna.study.confirms February 25, 2009

13,000 Year Old Clovis Cache Used to Butcher Camels and Horses

A Clovis tool cache known as the Mahaffey cache found near Boulder, Colorado shows signs of having been used to butcher camels and horses 13,000 years ago. Horse and camel protein residue was found on the tools. Also sheep and bear residue was found on the tools. 
The Clovis cache consists of 83 stone tools ranging from knives to small blades and scrapers. The tools appear to have been buried 13,000 years ago for safe keeping in one large cache. One of the tools, an oval-shaped obsidian knife, is very similar to one found in the Fenn Cache south of Yellowstone National Park.
Elephants, camels, huge bears and ground sloths roamed the Colorado era at this time in history.

The University of Colorado at Boulder News has the story here with a very nice audio slide show of the cache.
http://www.colorado.edu/news/r/1124c0243883c267a7759da4bc4a2902.html

You can see photos of the Fenn Cache on my Pre-Clovis and Clovis web page;
Mike Ruggeri's Pre-Clovis and Clovis World
http://tinyurl.com/2m8725 January 10, 2009

Ancient People of Northern Peru and the Ainu of Japan Related 

A genetic study of people who lived in the Lambayeque region of Northern Peru 1000 years ago are genetically related to modern peoples in Ecuador, Columbia, Siberia, Taiwan and the Ainu of Japan. The genetic study will continue in the region.

The Latin American Herald Tribune has the story here;
http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=325015&CategoryId=14095

(My note; The "Caucasoid" type features found in the skeleton of Kennewick Man and other early fossils in the Americas have been shown to possibly be related to Ainu peoples of Japan in earlier studies. This genetic study furthers that evidence.) Janaury 8, 2009

New Genetic Study Points to Two Separate Groups Arriving in America Simultaneously

New genetic evidence published in Current Biology points to two separate groups arriving in America simultaneously. One group entered from Beringia 15,000 to 17,000 years ago along the ice-free Pacific coastline. Another traversed through an open land corridor to arrive east of the Rocky Mountains. Almost all Native Americans all the way to South America descend from these two groups.
Italian geneticists have found that the haplogroup D4h3 spread along the Pacific Coast all the way to Tierra del Fuego. The other haplogroup, X2a, spread through the ice-free corridor and remained restricted to North America.

Eureka Science News has the story here;
http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/01/08/first.americans.arrived.2.separate.migrations.according.new.genetic.evidence
 January 7, 2009

10,300 Year Old Alaskan Man DNA find

The 10,300 year old fossil of "On Your Knees Man" found on Prince of Wales Island off of Kethcikan, Alaska has been DNA tested. It appears he has no relatives from the existing populations of Alaska. 200 Native Alaskans had their DNA swabbed to make comparisons with the ancient fossil. The fossil was found in 1996 along with some ancient tools. He died in his mid-twenties and ate mostly fish and the stone tools suggest he came from a long distance away. He had a D mutation which appeared for the first time in Asia 50,000 years ago and his sub-group appeared 20,000 years ago. Some of his genetic relatives live in Southern California, Ecuador and in Tierra del Fuego. They all live along the coast.
And this lends more credence to the concept that the Americas were first populated by canoe-going people from Asia.

The Anchorage Daily News has the story here;
http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/rural/southeast/story/636254.html
 September 3, 2008

Update on the Oldest Human in the Americas

National Geographic has a follow up story on the oldest human ever found in the Americas dubbed Eve of Naharon near Tulum. The skeleton has been dated at 11,600 BCE and it was found with 3 others. Once again, chief archaeologist Arturo Gonzalez  stated that the skulls hint that these people came from South Asia and not North Asia. The other 3 skeletons are between 9000-12,000 BCE.
One problem with radio-carbon dates of organic materials that have been in sea water, as these skeletons have been, is that minerals in the sea water can alter the dating results. Arturo Gonzalez will begin extracting a 4th skeleton known as Chan hol which could be older than Eve this month. Publication of the research will be done after the 4th skeleton is excavated.
It is hoped they may have some information on how these ancient people arrived when they are done with their research.

National Geographic has the story here;
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/65445213.html August 16, 2008

Oldest Human Ever Found in the Americas Uncovered

The fossil bones of a woman dated at 13,600 years old have been uncovered in the area of Tulum. This would make her the oldest human ever found in the Americas. She was between 30-40 years old at death. 

Milenio has the story here in Spanish. 
http://www.milenio.com/mexico/milenio/nota.asp?id=650772 July 21, 2008

Pre-Clovis Finds in Wisconsin

Wooly mammoth skeletons that were found on the John Hebior farm in Kenosha, Wisconsin had primitive stone knives found in connection with them which were used to scrape meat from the bones of the mammoths. The mammoth bones which have knife cut marks on them have been dated to 12,500 BCE and thus, the knives are Pre-Clovis and in Wisconsin. This is another piece of evidence that humans were in North America before the last Ica Age. 

WISN.com, a Milwaukee ABC affliate, has the story here and a video of the broadcast of the story;
http://www.wisn.com/news/16923542/detail.html May 31, 2008

40,000 Year Old Mexico Footprints Claim Gets a Boost

The claimed 40,000 year old human footprints found in Mexico a few years back have been resurrected. In Science News, it is reported at the American Geophysical Union meeting that 3 dimensional laser scans of the prints confirm their human origins.  

Science News has the story and a photo here;
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/32728/title/Footprints_in_the_ash

Needless to say, this will generate plenty of controversy, May 15, 2008

Topper Site Update

The Columbia Free Times has published a long article on Al Goodyear and his work at the Pre-Clovis site of Topper in South Carolina. Goodyear and his team have claimed that they have found human tool artifacts as old as 50,000 BCE. Radio-carbon dates and optically stimulated luminescence for some of the artifacts uncovered were dated at between 16,000-20,000 BCE. Dennis Stanford, curator at the Smithsonian was one of those convinced by the scientific data.
In 2003, Goodyear dug beneath a white sand layer as hard as concrete and found a layer of charcoal he could date with artifacts sticking out. The charcoal layer with the artifacts was dated at 40,000-50,000 BCE. The article goes on to discuss the theory that the First Americans migrated from the Southern European Solutrean culture whose blades look similar to the Clovis blade to account for such early artifacts being found on the East coast but the alleged 50,000 BCE dates of the artifacts at Topper would have been way too early for the Solutrean theory to fit the facts. 

( my addition) In the end, Goodyear has presented archaeologists with some very controversial dates that most are not yet willing to accept. Thus far, he has uncovered no human artifacts that could be dated by way of DNA as has just recently been found both at Paisley Cave in Oregon where human coprolites have been DNA dated and at Monte Verde where seaweed found at the site in conjunction with tools has been DNA dated to 14,000 BCE.
The radio-carbon dates at Topper will be challenged from many quarters until Goodyear and his team can substantiate their findings with more data.

The Free Times has the story here;
http://www.free-times.com/index.php?cat=1992912064227409&ShowArticle_ID=11011405084293699
 May 9, 2008

Monte Verde and the Kelp Highway

In an update on Tom Dillehay's seaweed find at Monte Verde, it is reported that seaweed is rich in iodine, zinc, and other nutrients and is gfood for cholesterol metabolism, bone strength and fighting infections and seaweed is still used by local populations in the area. There was a range of resources along the coast including the previously reported kelp forest or kelp highway that would have fed canoers from Asia over long distances. It now appears that the movement by canoe was slow and gradual along the Pacific coast of North America as the First Americans at Monte Verde lived inland and went for frequent coastal forays for sea borne food. This lends credence to the view that this kind of sophisticated inland/coastal movement would have taken a long time for the original American inhabitants to learn.

Science News Magazine has the story here;
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/31865/title/Slowpoke_settlers

And here is an article from 2006 on the "Kelp Highway"
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11451754/ May 8, 2008

More On The Monte Verde Seaweed Story 

In follow up stories on the remarkable seaweed discoveries by Tom Dillehay at Monte Verde, a National Science Foundation article adds this information. Dillehay sees by the foodstuff he has found at the site from both inland and coastal areas that people living at Monte Verde moved back and forth between the areas frequently. Dillehay believes this shows a slower more deliberate movement by the First Americans than previously believed. The seaweed samples radio carbon dates match the dates of the human artifacts Dillehay reported years ago, 14,000 years ago. Dillehay pointed out that it takes time to adapt to inland resources and then come back out to the coast. Along with the seaweed, Dillehay has recently found five new species of sea borne food thus showing the Monte Verde folks who lived 50 miles inland had frequent contact with the coast and had a long tradition of exploiting coastal resources again lending more credence to the peopling of the Americas originally by canoe from Asia.

The NSF story is here;
http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=111530&org=NSF&from=news

Here is the May 9, Science Magazine article Dillehay and his team posted on this discovery. It requires payment.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/320/5877/729 May 8, 2008

Monte Verde Seaweed Discovery

Tom Dillehay, the excavator of Monte Verde, the first Pre-Clovis site in the Americas that received the acceptance of the entire scientific community as being genuinely Pre-Clovis, has been investigating the presence of seaweed found in fragments on the floors of habitation sites  and on an ancient cutting tool at Monte Verde. The nearest shore is hours away. Many seaweed fragments have been found in cooking areas suggesting seaweed was food and others were mixed with other plants and chewed to be used for medicine.
The discovery of these seaweed fragments lends further credence to the concept that the earliest Americans were used to relying on ocean resources, thus reached Monte Verde by canoe 14,000 years ago. Traces of a variety of sea borne life have been found at Monte Verde and the radio carbon dating of the seaweed matches Dillehay's earlier radio carbon dating on the human artifacts he found at the site re-confirming its age for any doubters left.

Here is the National Geographic story;
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080508-first-americans.html April 10, 2008

The Archaeology Channel has an online interview with Dennis Jenkins who was part of the team that found the pre-Clovis coprolites in Paisley Cave, Oregon;
http://www.archaeologychannel.org/content/vidint/jenkinsint.html March 24, 2008

Bison Bones Found On Vancouver Island Boost Pre-Clovis Settlement of the Americas 

Bison bones found on Vancouver Island and the Orcas Islands show there was a food rich eco-system for Ice Age hunters 14,000 years ago. An important find is a leg bone from the Orcas Islands that appear to have been butchered by humans that are Pre-Clovis in date. The bison bone finds also show that the early immigrants to the New World would have more than just sea food for subsistence. Vancouver Island was nearly attached to the mainland during this time due to lower sea levels and people coming down the coast could have been island hopping due to the fact that ice did not dominate the entire terrain.
This also gives a boost to the "coastal migration" theory of early settlement of the Americas and a boost to the idea that the coastal migrants arrived 2000 years earlier than the migrants who came down through the center of Canada since that route was closed.

The National Post has the story here;
http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=396609 April 2, 2008

Oldest Biological Evidence of First Americans Found in Coprolites in Oregon Cave

Archaeologists in Oregon have found fossilized human feces that appear to be the oldest biological evidence of humans in North America. The feces or coprolites in archaeological terms date back to 12,500 BCE, pre-dating the Clovis people by 1000 years. DNA analysis of the coprolites show the folks who lived in a cave in Oregon at 12,500 BCE are closely related to modern Native Americans and come from Eastern Asia. The coprolites were uncovered at Paisley Caves, 220 miles from Portland.
There is some controversy in the findings since there were traces of wolves, coyotes and foxes found in the coprolites as well meaning that there could be some question about the actual age of the human DNA in the coprolites. 

The Washington Post has the story here;
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/03/ST2008040302198.html March 13, 2008

The Bulk of the Americas Settled By One Siberian Group

A consensus is emerging that the bulk of the Americas were settled 15,000 years ago. An article in tomorrow's Science Magazine will show that the First Americans came from a single Siberian population and came across the land bridge 22,000 years ago, they got stuck in Alaska until 16,500 years ago due to glaciars blocking their path. The founding population was less than 5000 individuals. 
The researchers studied 43 sites including a dozen in Asia to reach these conclusions. The founding population was in Siberia 30,000 years ago, came across 22,000 years ago and got free of the glaciar blocking them about 15,000 years ago so they could move south. The Pacific corridor may have been ice free 1000 years before the inland corridor so that the population spread first by way of a coastal route. 
This study did not address the linguistic evidence I posted a few days ago about the population being stuck in Beringia rather than Alaska during that time period. This is an exciting time for First American studies. 

National Geographic has the story here; 
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080313-first-americans.html March 13, 2008

Almost All Native Americans Can Trace Their Ancestry to Six Women Who Migrated to the New World 20,000 Years Ago 

Almost all Native Americans in North, Central and South America can trace their ancestry to 6 women who immigrated 20,000 years ago. The women did not live in Asia but in Beringia. The dates for the women are open to question. 
 National Geographic has the story here;http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080313-AP-native-amer.html 
March 7, 2008 

Siberian Language and New World Language Connection Finally Proven

Linguistic experts in Washington State and Alaska have finally shown a real connection between a Siberian Language called Ket and New World languages of the Na-Dene language family which includes Athabascans Tlingit, Eyak, Navajo and Apache languages. This finding is based on complex and verifiable morphologies that can only be explained by common descent.
The researchers now call upon scientists of genetics and archaeology to study the Ket connection. Very few people in Siberia still speak the Ket langauge.

National Geographic has the story here
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080326-language-link.html February 13, 2008

The Beringian Population and the First Americans Update

According to DNA studies carried out by the University of Florida Genetics Institute scientists of New World DNA, people from Asia moved into Beringia, the land mass that appeared connecting Siberia to Alaska when sea levels fell, but were blocked from entering the new World by two large glaciers. People lived for 20,000 years in Beringia until about 15,000 years ago when the glaciers melted and people could move from Beringia to the new World. Mutations and genetic patterns began to accumulate in the Beringia population during those 20,000 years that show up in most New World indigenous populations today. In the earlier article, it was revealed that the geneticists sampled DNA from thousands of present day indigenous people in 29 groups across Canada, Mexico, Central and South America to arrive at their conclusions. In the earlier article, it was mentioned that the study excludes Native Americans and Eastern Brazilians. The authors of the report promise to address genetic findings there later. 
The theories of an arrival by people following a coastal route up to 40,000 years ago now have the challenge of finding countervailing DNA evidence to prove their case or compelling archaeological evidence that would prove the earlier arrival. 

Science Daily has the story here; 
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080213090524.htm SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT

Dear Friends, 

I would like to invite you all to join the listserv "Aztlan" as it joins its new host at FAMSI -- The Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. 
Aztlan has been around for well over a decade, and has recently been moved to a new home at FAMSI. It is one of the oldest and most respected listservs for Mesoamerican Prehistory. 

Recent conversations on Aztlan cover such topics as: The Maya Collapse, Breaking archaeological news reports, The origins of Olmec writing, the uses of yokes and other ball court artifacts in the Gulf Coast ball games, wheels in Mesoamerica, Pre-Clovis Sites, Ancient Southwest and Mississippian research.

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Aztlan typically has an activity level of approximately 3-5 emails per day. This may be too many emails for the casual reader. In this case, I still suggest subscribing, but click the bubble for "daily digest" which will deliver all Aztlan messages in a single daily email (you will therefore only receive one email per day, containing all of the day's messages). LINKS Mike Ruggeri’s The Ancient Americas Breaking News Mike Ruggeri’s Ancient America Museum Exhibitions, Conferences and Lectures Mike Ruggeri’s Maya World Mike Ruggeri’s Maya Archaeology Breaking News Mike Ruggeri’s Pre-Clovis and Clovis World Mike Ruggeri’s Pre-Clovis and Clovis Breaking News Mike Ruggeri’s Ancient Andean World Mike Ruggeri’s Ancient Andean World Breaking News Mike Ruggeri’s Olmec World Mike Ruggeri’s Olmec Art Portfolio Mike Ruggeri’s Teotihuacan; City of the Gods Mike Ruggeri's Teotihuacan Art Portfolio Mike Ruggeri’s Mesoamerica after Teotihuacan Mike Ruggeri’s Mesoamerican Gulf Coast Art Portfolio Mike Ruggeri’s Ancient West Mexico from the Pre-Classic to the Tarascans Mike Ruggeri's Ancient West Mexico Art Portfolio Mike Ruggeri’s Toltec and Aztec World Mike Ruggeri’s Toltec and Aztec Art Portfolio Mike Ruggeri’s Zapotec World Mike Ruggeri’s Zapotec Art Portfolio Mike Ruggeri’s Mississippians and Mound Builders including the Adena and Hopewell Mike Ruggeri’s The Ancient Southwest Mike Ruggeri’s Casas Grandes World Mike Ruggeri’s Moundbuilders and Ancient Southwest Breaking News Mike Ruggeri’s Ancient America and Mesoamerica News and Links Erik Boot’s Mesoamerican Archaeological News from the Mexican and Central American Press FAMSI: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies Pre-Columbian Society; University of Penn. Pre Columbian Society of Washington DC Kerr’s Pre-Columbian Portfolio Erik Boot’s Maya News Updates from the Mexican and Central American Press Mesoweb Wayeb lnstitute of Maya Studies Dumbarton Oaks Maya Society of Minnesota The Archaeology Channel The Ruins of Mexico Center for the Study of the First Americans Mammoth Trumpet Journal Friends of America’s Past Lithic Casting Lab Center for Desert Archaeology Infodome/Quipu JQ Jacobs Andes Web Ring Nancy White’s South American Archaeology Andean and Amazonian Archaeology Discussion Group Comments and Feedback;
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2007/2008/2009http://www.nature.com/news/2009/091105/full/news.2009.1058.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/news/2009/091105/full/news.2009.1058.htmlhttp://dti.inah.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=39&Itemid=150http://dti.inah.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=39&Itemid=150http://www.nature.com/news/2009/091021/full/news.2009.1034.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/news/2009/091021/full/news.2009.1034.htmlhttp://www.patagoniatimes.cl/index.php/20090807871/News/Health-Science/CHILEAN-ELEPHANT-FOSSILS-HINT-AT-ANCIENT-HUMAN-SETTLEMENT.htmlhttp://www.patagoniatimes.cl/index.php/20090807871/News/Health-Science/CHILEAN-ELEPHANT-FOSSILS-HINT-AT-ANCIENT-HUMAN-SETTLEMENT.htmlhttp://www.patagoniatimes.cl/index.php/20090807871/News/Health-Science/CHILEAN-ELEPHANT-FOSSILS-HINT-AT-ANCIENT-HUMAN-SETTLEMENT.htmlhttp://www.patagoniatimes.cl/index.php/20090807871/News/Health-Science/CHILEAN-ELEPHANT-FOSSILS-HINT-AT-ANCIENT-HUMAN-SETTLEMENT.htmlhttp://www.nps.gov/archeology/kennewick/powell_rose.htmhttp://www.seattlepi.com/local/408062_Kennewickman13.html?source=rsshttp://www.seattlepi.com/local/408062_Kennewickman13.html?source=rsshttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/325/5937/148-chttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/325/5937/148-bhttp://www.tcpalm.com/news/2009/jun/05/bone-appears-to-date-human-presence-in-treasure/http://www.tcpalm.com/news/2009/jun/05/bone-appears-to-date-human-presence-in-treasure/http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/04/29/native.americans.descended.a.single.ancestral.group.dna.study.confirmshttp://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/04/29/native.americans.descended.a.single.ancestral.group.dna.study.confirmshttp://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/04/29/native.americans.descended.a.single.ancestral.group.dna.study.confirmshttp://www.colorado.edu/news/r/1124c0243883c267a7759da4bc4a2902.htmlhttp://www.colorado.edu/news/r/1124c0243883c267a7759da4bc4a2902.htmlhttp://tinyurl.com/2m8725http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=325015&CategoryId=14095http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=325015&CategoryId=14095http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/01/08/first.americans.arrived.2.separate.migrations.according.new.genetic.evidencehttp://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/01/08/first.americans.arrived.2.separate.migrations.according.new.genetic.evidencehttp://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/01/08/first.americans.arrived.2.separate.migrations.according.new.genetic.evidencehttp://www.adn.com/news/alaska/rural/southeast/story/636254.htmlhttp://www.adn.com/news/alaska/rural/southeast/story/636254.htmlhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/65445213.htmlhttp://www.milenio.com/mexico/milenio/nota.asp?id=650772http://www.wisn.com/news/16923542/detail.htmlhttp://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/32728/title/Footprints_in_the_ashhttp://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/32728/title/Footprints_in_the_ashhttp://www.free-times.com/index.php?cat=1992912064227409&ShowArticle_ID=11011405084293699http://www.free-times.com/index.php?cat=1992912064227409&ShowArticle_ID=11011405084293699http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/31865/title/Slowpoke_settlershttp://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/31865/title/Slowpoke_settlershttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11451754/http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=111530&org=NSF&from=newshttp://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=111530&org=NSF&from=newshttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/320/5877/729http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080508-first-americans.htmlhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080508-first-americans.htmlhttp://www.archaeologychannel.org/content/vidint/jenkinsint.htmlhttp://www.archaeologychannel.org/content/vidint/jenkinsint.htmlhttp://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=396609http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/03/ST2008040302198.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/03/ST2008040302198.htmlhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080313-first-americans.htmlhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080313-first-americans.htmlhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080326-language-link.htmlhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080326-language-link.htmlhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080213090524.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080213090524.htmhttp://www.famsi.org/mailman/listinfo/aztlanhttp://web.mac.com/michaelruggerihttp://community-2.webtv.net/Topiltzin-2091/AncientAmerica/index.htmlhttp://community-2.webtv.net/Topiltzin-2091/AncientAmerica/index.htmlhttp://tinyurl.com/atn2eshttp://tinyurl.com/atpsd9http://tinyurl.com/2m8725http://tinyurl.com/d3xelnhttp://tinyurl.com/2o79jyhttp://tinyurl.com/d92x3nhttp://tinyurl.com/2ybvekhttp://tinyurl.com/l3bzw5http://tinyurl.com/2nrs9dhttp://tinyurl.com/km48kghttp://web.me.com/michaelruggeri/MIKE_RUGGERIS_MESOAMERICA_AFTER_THE_FALL_OF_TEOTIHUACAN/MESOAMERICA_AFTER_THE_FALL_OF_TEOTIHUACAN.htmlhttp://tinyurl.com/d2umrnhttp://tinyurl.com/32uo5mhttp: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